Death Cap
Amanita phalloides
Also known as: Death Cup
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Complete Taxonomy
Description
Amanita phalloides, the death cap, is one of the world's most poisonous mushrooms, responsible for the majority of fatal mushroom poisonings globally. A single mushroom contains enough amatoxins to kill an adult human. It superficially resembles edible species, making it especially dangerous. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to other continents and now causes fatalities worldwide. There is no antidote for amatoxin poisoning.
Physical Characteristics
Distribution
Native to Europe; introduced to North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, South America
Habitat
Forms ectomycorrhizal associations primarily with oak trees, also beech, chestnut, and other hardwoods in forests and parks.
Ecological Role
Forms ectomycorrhizal relationships with hardwood trees. Introduced to new continents with host trees, becoming invasive in some regions (e.g., Australia, California).
⚠️ Toxicity Warning
DEADLY POISONOUS. Contains amatoxins and phallotoxins. Causes severe liver and kidney damage. Symptoms delayed 6-24 hours after ingestion. Mortality rate 10-30% even with treatment. No effective antidote. One mushroom can be fatal.
Cultural Significance
Responsible for 90% of mushroom-related deaths worldwide. Historical poisonings include Roman Emperor Claudius (possibly) and numerous modern cases. Drove development of mushroom identification education. Symbol of fungal toxicity.
Fascinating Facts
- Responsible for most fatal mushroom poisonings
- One mushroom contains lethal dose of amatoxins
- Symptoms delayed 6-24 hours, giving false sense of safety
- No known antidote; treatment is supportive care
- Often mistaken for edible species (paddy straw mushroom, puffballs)
- Introduced globally with tree plantings
- Amatoxins inhibit RNA polymerase II, stopping protein synthesis
- Death rate 10-30% even with aggressive treatment
- Cooking does not destroy toxins